Attention has been given to the changes in the characteristics of the U.S. population as a consequence of high levels of immigration to the United States since the liberalization of immigration policies that began in 1965 with the passage of the Hart-Cellar Act. The changes were dramatically accelerated by the unprecedented increases in immigration that followed the Immigration Act of 1990.

Currently, there are a record 39.96 million immigrants, comprising 12.92 percent of the U.S. population.¹ The economic law of supply and demand predicts that the workforce gluts resulting from the immigrant glut will drive down wages and worsen working conditions. The U.S. economic contraction that began about 12 years ago is consistent with the current lower real (inflation-corrected) wages for most wage earners. These policy changes were the consequence of economic and political elites demanding immigration policy changes. The United States currently admits more legal immigrants than all other nations combined. (The level of illegal immigration, in the form of visa violations, including overstaying, or of entering without inspection, is almost on par with that of legal immigration. The illegal flow is not discussed in this article. However, because illegal immigrants are much more vulnerable to economic exploitation by those that hire them, the economic impact on the U.S. workforce is to further exacerbate workforce gluts across a broad spectrum of job titles, leading to additional downward pressure on wages.)

$10 trillion in middle-class economic losses

The author made a platform presentation at the 2004 American Chemical Society annual meeting titled, “There Is No Looming Shortage of Chemists.” This presentation included the surprising observation that the decade of peak earnings for all workers except the economic elite, is between ages 40 and 50. The source of this observation is an obscure table from a 2002 U.S. Census Bureau CPS survey (see graph below). It is very significant that the disaggregated salary data as a function of a worker’s age presented in this table show that the holder of a doctorate’s income declines above age 50. (One of the P.R. techniques utilized by those that promote the earning from a Ph.D. degree is to aggregate the incomes of the economic elites, including medical doctors and lawyers, with those of doctorate degree holders.)

Given the improvements in the health of U.S. workers, many are capable of making full-time professional contributions even when they are older than the traditional retirement age of 65 years. However, when there is a glut of workers at all skill levels, employers are able to selectively hire young workers, who are perceived by most employers to be less expensive. When older workers are shunned by employers, experienced knowledge workers must hold positions that makes scant use of their training and experience, simply to provide for the necessaries of life. Professor Norm Matloff in a March 18, 2011, presentation² at the Georgetown University Law School in Washington, D.C., observed that this employer hiring age discrimination is causing a historically unprecedented “internal brain drain” in the United States that is harming the nation’s economic competitiveness. A calculation from the 2002 Census Bureau survey that projects earnings from the peak earning year to a retirement age of 65 shows that the cumulative economic losses to male workers are on the order of $10 trillion (a trillion is a million millions.) Female workers suffer a comparable economic loss.

One of the key policy tools that employers have utilized to facilitate employment age discrimination is to procure a large number of work visa programs where the visa is conditioned upon being continuously employed — and where the employer has the potential to sponsor the immigrant for permanent residency. This gives the employer powerful “sticks and carrots” to ensure that the workforce remains docile regarding demands for increased wages and improved working conditions. As a consequence of the unprecedented numerical gluts of workers, even citizens become docile, as there is a well-founded fear of job loss if they object too strongly to these employer policies.

An “alphabet soup” of work visa programs

See the author’s writings that chronicle the development and expansion of U.S. high-skill work visa programs since 1976.^3,4,5 To summarize, colleges and universities were facing funding cuts after the once-in-history increases in funding following the 1957 launch of Sputnik. The university trade association lobbyists identified a work visa program created in 1952 designed to import up to 500 Basque sheepherders per year. Employers were not required to attest that they were preventing harms to the career prospects of American citizen sheepherders — and the employers would set the wages and working conditions of the imported workers. The imported workers could be sponsored for permanent residency. This set of immigration policies was called “special handling.” As immigration researcher Rob Sanchez noted, the use of special handling was applied to extremely small numbers of unskilled workers until the Association of American Universities (AAU) applied special handling to the importation of unlimited numbers of college professors and researchers. See, “Inviting our own problems: Robert Sanchez talks about the flaws in employment-based visa programs, including the threat they pose to American workers, the U.S. economy, and national security,” by Hyde Kurt, The New American, May 28, 2007.

The legislator who was lobbied on the AAU’s behalf was Representative Joshua Eilberg, who was serving as the Chairman of the House Immigration and Claims Subcommittee. He used once-in-a-lifetime parliamentary tactics to sneak through passage of the “Eilberg Amendment” in 1976 for yet undisclosed considerations. As noted in endnote 4, Eilberg will eventually be identified by historians of science as an architect for the destruction of the American science and engineering enterprise. (Eilberg was corrupt. He was ejected from the House two years later as a consequence of a scandal involving federal kickbacks received by his law firm from Hahnemann Medical Hospital.)

The Eilberg Amendment was cited as a legal precedent for the expansion of the H and L work visa classifications in the Immigration Act of 1990. Microsoft Corporation, which leads in the number of H-1B visa holders (up to 35,183 directly hired between 2001 and 2010.⁶ For comparison, note that Microsoft’s total U.S. workforce was 46,000 in 2007.) Microsoft hired corrupt lobbyist Jack Abramoff and his team in December 1994 to help procure three “Microsoft friendly” changes to H-1B visa legislation between 1995–2000. Microsoft and its proxies expended about $100 million during this period for legislatively connected expenditures. In return, they received over $5 billion in reduced salary and benefit expenditures. This kind of lobbying for huge economic benefits was the subject of a July 12, 2010, Time cover article by Steven Brill, “The Best Laws Money Can Buy,” I continue to hold that this corporate conduct is legally sanctioned bribery and should be proscribed by existing federal RICO statutes.

How many economic migrants?

A table of work visa admissions in endnote 3 shows over 25 million admissions (an immigrant enters the United States on a visa) in just five high-skilled work visa programs between 1975–2005. An updated version of this table to 2010 is shown on page 39, and its data plotted in the graph at right. In just five short years, 12 million additional visa admissions occurred in these work visa programs. Some of this increase is a consequence of better quality annual counts of visa admissions that began in 2010, according to a Department of Homeland Security (DHS) report.⁷ This leads to the conclusion that there were significant visa admissions undercounts in reports issued prior to 2010.

What is the economic cost to American wage earners?

A useful analytical approach to determine the economic losses to American middle-class knowledge workers is to develop an estimate for the cost to American workers of a single work visa admission under the five work visa programs examined in this article. The author offers $150,000.00 per admission as an initial estimate. A lower-bound estimate is $11,860 per year, according to a recently-publicized study.⁸ A more reasonable estimate is average reduced salary and benefit expenditures of $30,000 annually, with a beneficiary causing salary and benefit expenditure reduction for an average of five years, for a total of $150,000. Thus, the updated table on page 39 tabulates a total economic loss to the American middle class in excess of $5 trillion as a consequence of the five high-skill work visa programs.

An immigrant may be admitted on an L-1 visa for up to 7 years. An H-1B visa holder may be admitted for up to 6 years, with indefinite annual extensions. A J-1 visa with waiver permits a holder at least 4 years of working in the United States. With recently passed Executive Branch actions, the so-called Optional Professional Training (OPT) period for F-1 visas was extended to 29 months for many academic fields. The employer sets the wages and working conditions for the OPT work visas as well as the H-1B and L-1 visa classes. Currently, there are no annual caps on F-1 and L-1 visa admissions, while the annual cap on H-1B visas is over 100,000 annually. While an immigrant may be admitted on multiple occasions under a work visa, the author believes that readmissions for work visa beneficiaries from the developing world are negligible because the cost of round-trip air travel would be precluded by the well-documented tendency of these visa holders to remit any discretionary income to their extended family members still residing in the sending nation. Since the DHS indicates that they may now query visa admissions data to match individuals by their birth date, their last name, and the first three characters of their first name,⁷ the potential exists to determine a more accurate value for cost of a single work visa admission, particularly when coupled to the actual wage data for the visa holder. This comparison would be with comparably qualified Americans employed by similar employers. Since American citizens, regardless of their nation of origin, have the right of “free agency” regarding employment, they are paid substantially more than the work visa recipient.

The unprecedented cost for college degree holders who are American citizens

The unprecedented cost for American citizens who have earned college degrees is a consequence of the dramatic increase in college student loans since the 1980s. A recent estimate of the total loans outstanding is in excess of $1 trillion.⁹ With the change to the bankruptcy law in 1995, student loan debts are no longer dischargeable in bankruptcy. As a consequence of workforce gluts, even recent graduates are having significant difficulties in obtaining and keeping employment, particularly at a professional level. They are having challenges paying for the necessaries of life and repaying their student loans. Student loan recipients who hold a professional license or a driver’s license may lose those credentials as a consequence of inability to repay their student loans. A recent New York Federal Reserve Bank report¹⁰ underscores the difficulties they are experiencing. A mere 39 percent of the outstanding loan holders studied were able to make payments that reduced the principal of their student loans. Nicholas Pardini, who was cited in the USA Today article (see endnote 9), notes¹¹ that foreign student loan recipients are a greater risk for absconding to a foreign nation to evade any onerous repayment sanctions. The U.S. taxpayer would then assume the cost of those defaulted foreign student loans.

While higher education institutions helped to create the current economic crisis via their lobbying for the 1976 Eilberg Amendment and expansion of various work visa programs, there is a new development that could cause even more economic harm for Americans. Many colleges and universities, such as Duke University, are setting up subsidiaries in foreign nations. It is likely that the foreign nationals taking courses at these new campuses, or via online courses from U.S.-based institutions, will eventually be able to obtain preferential admissions to U.S.-based higher education institutions. The new marketing angle for foreign students is that they may effectively “cut to the head of the immigration line” by becoming a U.S. college student. Even if the foreign student pays full tuition (which is unlikely in practice), their college training receives substantial taxpayer-paid subsidies, as tuition only covers a small fraction of the operational and capital budgets of American colleges and universities. So, middle-class taxpayers are currently paying for their economic futures to be destroyed by imported economic migrants. Recall that there are no annual numerical caps on many of these work visa programs. Thus, the number of potential economic migrants to the U.S. is likely to increase. With the system of de facto government-sanctioned foreign hiring preference programs via work visas, the economic future of American citizens is likely to become even bleaker unless meaningful reductions to immigration back to traditional levels are implemented.

The rich get richer and the poor get poorer

The GINI ratio is an accepted measure of income inequality. The GINI ratio would have a value of 1 if all of the income of a nation flowed to a single individual and would have a value of 0 if there were perfect income equality. As the author has noted many times, the economic benefits of overpopulation via high immigration flow to the economic elite, since workforce gluts decrease wages. The resultant population increase bids up the prices of the necessities of life, also benefiting the greedy economic elite.

Therefore, the GINI ratio should show an increase after immigration was liberalized in 1965 and further liberalized in 1990. As the graph above shows, the Census Bureau 1947-2009 GINI ratio plot is consistent with this expectation. These income inequality data are further underscored by a Congressional Budget Office report on the topic issued on October 25, 2011, that was covered by the New York Times.¹²

The inevitable backlash

When the American middle class suffers significant economic harms as a consequence of the policies procured by the economic elite, they will first attempt to obtain reforms by “working within the system.” However, the power of the elites is difficult to counterbalance as the elites have incredible economic power. A similar economic crisis with roots in liberal immigration policies resulted in the “Great Wave” of immigration to the U.S. between 1900 and 1910, causing workforce gluts. That crisis was called the Great Depression. The subsequent lack of work caused many in the middle class to lose their homes and many belongings as a consequence of the bank foreclosing their mortgages.

While it is difficult to obtain historical information, bloody, lethal riots during the Great Depression that were caused by the lack of employment opportunities. The inevitable backlash, illustrated by foreign worker forced repatriation during the Great Depression, after WWII, and after the Korean War, created employment opportunities for millions of American citizens. This author believes that it would be much more humane to employ “attrition through enforcement” via passage of a nationwide E-Verify law with strong sanctions against employers who continue to employ illegal aliens. At the same time, net legal immigration should be reduced to a historical value of around 100,000 per year. That would be immigration policy that served the national interest, rather than special interests. 

Endnotes

1. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_S0501&prodType=table Retrieved March 14, 2012 S0501 — SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NATIVE AND FOREIGN-BORN POPULATIONS 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates Total U.S. population estimate: 309,349,689 Foreign born population: 39,955,854 Margin of error: +/- 115,157-12.92% of the total population

2. Professor Norm Matloff’s presentation slides from his March 18, 2011, Georgetown University Law School presentation: http://heather.cs.ucdavis.edu/georgetown.pdf

3. The Greedy Gates Immigration Gambit, The Social Contract, Fall 2007 http://tinyurl.com/37l8ry

4. Career Destruction Sites — What American colleges have become, The Social Contract, Spring 2005,

http://tinyurl.com/nn28sp

5. The author’s 110 page “Victim Impact Statement” in the case USA v Abramoff is document #40 in the Federal DC District Court docket dated September 3, 2008. http://tinyurl.com/koyqg2

6. http://h1bistro.com/default.aspx?year=11&min=0&max=15&state=0&workers=0&pw=0&searchcompany=Microsoft Search conducted March 14, 2012 Total number of job openings certified: 35,183 Total annual wages for certified job openings: $3,111,403,483.00. Using the model of a cumulative economic benefit to Microsoft of $150,000 per H-1B visa admission, the total Microsoft benefit would be about $5.28 billion.

7. “The Impact of Counting Changes on Nonimmigrant Admissions: Preliminary Findings” by Megan Mathews, released February 14, 2012, by the Department of Homeland Security. http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/publications/ois_ni_individuals_fs.pdf

8. The Value of an Employment-Based Green Card.by Sankar Mukhopadhyay and David Oxborrow, Demography, Vol. 49, No. 1. 219-237 (Abstract only)

9. “Student Loans Outstanding will exceed $1 trillion this year” by Dennis Cauchon, USA Today, October 25, 2011. http://www.usatoday.com/money/perfi/college/story/2011-10-19/student-loan-debt/50818676/1

10. Grading Student Loans by Meta Brown, Andrew Haughwout, Donghoon Lee, Maricar Mabutas, and Wilbert van der Klaauw at the New York Fed’s Liberty Street Economics Blog for March 5, 2012.

http://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2012/03/grading-student-loans.html

11. Shorting Student Loans: The Next Major Credit Bubble by Nicholas Pardini, Seeking Alpha, July 5, 2011. http://seekingalpha.com/article/277941-shorting-student-loans-the-next-major-credit-bubble

12 As the Data Show, There’s a Reason the Wall Street Protesters Chose New York, by Sam Roberts, The New York Times, October 25, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/26/nyregion/as-data-show-theres-a-reason-the-wall-street-protesters-chose-new-york.html Graph Title: Share of the Nation’s Income Earned by the Top 1 Percent, Graph Caption: The top 1 percent of American earners controls as much of the nation’s total income as it did on the eve of the Great Depression. Now, however their money comes from skyrocketing paychecks more than from unearned income, as it did in 1928. Details from the graph. “In 1928, the top 1 percent earned 23.94 percent of the nation’s income,” and “The top 1 pct. earned 23.5 percent of the nation’s income in 2007.” http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/10/26/nyregion/the-new-gilded-age.html